Friday, August 12, 2011

Unforgettable Istanbul tours


Unforgettable Istanbul tours

Author: Idearibbon

Istanbul is known for its astonishing beauty. Istanbul is also considered as the unique city. This is because that this city is located between Asia and Europe. This place has a population of more than 20 million. You should definitely plan an Istanbul tours for once in your life. You can look for travel agencies that can provide you with the affordable Istanbul sightseeing tours as well as Istanbul cruise tours. In your Istanbul tours, you should start your tour from Sultanahmet. This is popular as Istanbul heart. This place is home to Blue Mosque, Hippodrome, Topkapi Palace and Basilica Cistern. At this place you will find many sightseeing places and you should definitely book yours Istanbul sightseeing tours. You can enjoy visiting many different places in your tour where you can do shopping and have fun at restaurants and bars.
In yours Istanbul Private Tours, you can enjoy visiting to the enlightening mosques, modern galleries and see the historic buildings. If you are visiting Istanbul for the first time then yours Istanbul Private Tours will be incomplete without visiting at these places- grand Bazaar, Hazia Sophia and Bosphorus Strait. If you want to enjoy the Istanbul cruise tours then you should definitely book for one from your travel agent. Istanbul is one of the places in whole world that is known for having amazing night life and visiting to this place through cruise can be a complete different experience in itself. Istanbul has got a very rich history and you can read about it in many tourist magazines.
In rich and long history of Istanbul, this has been as capital city for three empires. You just need three days if you want to explore the chaotic, magnificent and exotic life of this place. If you don't about the major locations of this place then you just need to take a map and find out the major attractions of this place. You should definitely plan your visit to the Chora church. This church was established in the 11th century.
In this church you can get to see the scenes of Christ and Virgin Mary. This church was transformed to a mosque. This transformation happened during 17th century and now this place is one of the popular museums. You can also plan your visit to the archaeological museum. You will find that at this place here are 3 museums which are located adjacent to each other. In archaeological museum you can find many Roman and Greek marble statues that have been discovered in the Anatolia. From time to time exhibitions are also held at this place.
If you want to see those objects which are of the very olden times then you should definitely visit the ancient museum that is located adjacent to the archaeological museum. You will get to see here cuneiform tablets. These are considered as the world's oldest piece of writing that is present today. You should also visit to the tiled pavilion. This is the oldest residential buildings present in Istanbul.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/travel-tips-articles/unforgettable-istanbul-tours-4878278.html
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For more information on Private Tour Company in Istanbul and Istanbul Cruise Tours , visit http://istanbulsightseeing.com/

Athens – The Birthplace of Western Civilization


Athens – The Birthplace of Western Civilization

Author: Venkat Pasupuleti

Athens, called the birthplace of western civilization, is a city of contrasts. Classical, Byzantine, and modern history thrive side-by-side as this bustling city goes about its daily life. It is one of the oldest, largest city and capital of Greece. Athens is considered as the central to economic, financial, industrial, political and cultural life in Greece attracting tourist round the year. Athens spreads across the central plain of Attica that is often referred to as the Attica Basin and it is built around a number of hills, because of which it has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. Visit the museums and the archaeological sites or just to taste the vibrant, Greek way of life. Athens is a fascinating city. Here's a sampling of the sights you'll want to visit there:
Academy of Athens: The national academy of Greece is a tribute to the Academy of Plato and honors the tradition of knowledge, philosophy and study in the country. The main Neoclassical complex, built in the late 19th century, is one of the central landmarks in Athens.

The National Garden: Just behind the Greek Parliament, the oasis offers over 15 hectares of land to explore at your own pace, with ancient ruins to ogle at every turn.

Syntagma Square: Syntagma Square, with the Greek Parliament in full view, is a public transportation hub in Athens and provides easy access to some of the best districts in the city. It has free WiFi.

Cape Sounion: Cape Sounion merits consideration as a must-see attraction in the capital city. The beautiful peninsula promontory offers stellar Aegean Sea photo ops and best of all, a heritage network of ancient ruins and temples.

The Ancient Agora: The Ancient Agora of Athens is the best example left in the world, with as many as twenty vital inherent monuments that date as far back as the 6th century BC.

Mount Lycabettus: With a magnificent panorama of Athens, the legendary hill is worth the short trip, especially for open air summer concerts.

The Plaka: The historic Plaka district winds around the ancient hill and features labyrinthine streets, stone and Cycladic architecture and a host of restaurants, tavernas, bars and shops.

National Archaeological Museum: Archaeology and Greece go hand in hand. From Turkey to Macedonia, the country is a goldmine for Indiana Jones hopefuls. For the absolute best of what Greece has to offer in terms of ancient relics, artifacts, monuments and documents, head to the world class National Archaeological Museum.

The Acropolis Museum: A site of eternal archaeological excavation, the Acropolis is a limitless treasure trove of remarkable relics. Built in 2008 at the base of the UNESCO World Heritage site, the Acropolis Museum is without peer, with artifacts that cover the Bronze Age to Byzantine Greece.

The Acropolis: The Great Pyramid of Giza, the Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal: all ancient and instantly recognizable. Well, add the Acropolis of Athens to the list. So familiar and ubiquitous in grainy picture form, from humble gyro restaurants all over the world to middle school history textbooks, the mere appearance of the Parthenon startles many as they get within close range of the famous hill.

Getting down to Athens is very simple, just logon to exploretrip.com and book cheap flights to Athens.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/destinations-articles/athens-the-birthplace-of-western-civilization-3935816.html
About the Author

Venkat Pasupuleti is an avid travel industry follower and passionate about all issues related to travel. He has years of strategic consulting, venture boot strapping and social entrepreneurship experience. He has worked on both coasts of the US and currently living and enjoying the picturesque sea, beaches and hills of the Bay area, California.

archaeological anthropology


Archaeological Anthropology

Author: Benny

Archaeology or ‘archaeological anthropology' reconstructs, describes past human behavior, cultural (social, economic, religious, political) patterns by studying material remains, usually of prehistoric populations.
  • At sites where people live or have lived, archaeologists find "artifacts, material items" that humans have made or modified, such as tools, weapons, camp sites, and buildings.
  • Plant and animal remains and ancient garbage6 tell stories about "consumption and activities". Wild and domesticated grains have different characteristics, which allow archaeologists to distinguish between ‘gathering and cultivation'.
  • Examination of animal bones reveals the ages of slaughtered animals and provides other information useful in determining whether species were ‘wild or domesticated'.
  • The pottery types at a site can suggest its "technological complexity", and the quantity of pottery fragments allows estimates of population size and density.
  • The discovery that potters used materials that were not locally available suggests systems of trade. Similarities in manufacture and decoration at different sites may be proof of "cultural connections" – perhaps they shared common cultural ancestors, traded with each other, or belonged to the same political system.
  • Many archaeologists examine "Paleoecology" that looks at the ecosystems (interrelations among living things in an environment) of the past.
  • Archaeologists may infer "cultural transformations", for example, by observing changes in the size and type of sites and the distance between them. Archaeologists also reconstruct behavior patterns and life styles of the past by excavating (digging out or unearthing through a succession of levels at a particular site). In a given area, through time, settlements may change in form and purpose, as may the connections between settlements.
Although archaeologists are best known for studying prehistory, that is, the period before the invention of writing, they also study cultures of historical and even living peoples to be able to verify.
Field Work in Archaeological Anthropology: Archaeological anthropologists work in team and across time and space. Typically, archaeologists combine both local (excavation – by recovering remains by digging through the cultural and natural stratigraphy – the layers of deposits, differentiated by color and texture that make up an archaeological site – which is much more labor-intensive. This is done when anthropologist address ‘specific' research interests or they are in present danger of being destroyed) and regional (systematic survey – that provides a regional perspective on the archaeological record by gathering information on patterns of settlement or ‘distribution of sites within a given region' over a large area. Settlement pattern information are used to make population estimates and to assess level of social complexity) perspectives. Like modern ethnographers, they recognize that sites are not discrete and isolated, but part of larger social systems. Archaeology encompasses a wide variety of analytical and experimental methods and techniques which draw on both the natural and social sciences.
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/college-and-university-articles/archaeological-anthropology-5094775.html
About the Author

This article has been compiled by Classof1.com, a leading online Homework-Help provider.
For assistance with your academic assignments in Anthropology, you can visit http://classof1.com/homework-help/anthropology-homework-help
Classof1.com is open 24/7. You can call us at 1-877-252-7763 or drop an email to learning@classof1.com

online masters


Trainings in Archaeology and Anthropology

Author: Jacob Russel

In the U.S. anthropology departments include archaeology as one of 4 subdisciplines. They include physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology.

If you want to study ancient or classical civilizations (including the Near East, Egypt, early civilizations of the Mediterranean, classical Greece and Rome, and the early civilizations of India, China, and southeast Asia), you should take part in interdisciplinary programs that include courses in art, architecture, classics, history, ancient and modern languages, and theology.

However, if you wish to study the historical periods (from the fall of Rome to the present), then you should combine history (including archival and oral history research) with courses in historical and vernacular architecture, material culture and folklore, and archaeology. During your studies at the undergraduate level there is usually little specialization.

A major in anthropology requires courses in all of the subdisciplines. If you are interested in ancient and classical civilizations, the particular undergraduate major is not important. You'll need to have an masters archaeology degree (B.A./B.S.) to work as a field archaeologist in the U.S. and to perform basic laboratory studies. You can get it through participation in an archaeological field school or as a volunteer.

It's very important to underline that the Ph.D. degree requires 2-3 years of courses beyond the M.A. This degree also requires the successful preparation and oral defense of a dissertation containing original research in your chosen specialization within the field of archaeology.

Some graduate programs offer streamlined tracks for students with a B.A. degree so that they work directly toward a Ph.D. while others require an M.A. degree first.
There are some programs that offer a non-thesis M.A. degree. If you are planning to work immediately on a Ph.D. degree, the preparation of a thesis is an important part of the educational process.

An M.A./M.S. would be enough to direct field crews and is sufficient for many government positions in archaeology. An M.A./M.S. with a thesis and a year of field and laboratory experience is the minimum for certification by the Society of Professional Archeologists.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/college-and-university-articles/trainings-in-archaeology-and-anthropology-2466045.html

About the Author

Read also about PhD degree in nursing - Student with doctoral degree in nursing can expect to get jobs in health research, administration, teaching,  in advanced clinical practice and consulting.

The Building of the Great Pyramid




GEOPOLYMERIZATION:
'Rock-making' in Peru or Giza has much to offer the engineer who will see how these otherwise undescribable marvels were achieved. Indeed the whole situation is almost hard to believe when you see how much evidence of great things done in the past and how the cosmology of all peoples on earth is so similar. For example, I just watched a show dealing with the Incan Andean cosmology that said they believed in 'As Above, So Below'. This is one of the three laws of the Magi and the Dictum of Hermes that our secret agent of British Intelligence has on the back cover of his book 'Secret Societies'. It makes sense when you know Quetzacoatl/Kukulcan/Xolotl and at times Verachocha is a white man who brings astronomers with him throughout many centuries as quoted by many in the words of Monteczuma and others.
Dr. Davidovits is the modern patent holder of many geopolymeric rock-making or concrete processes and I talked at length with his co-author Marjorie Morris in 1993-4 about a variety of things related to their book 'The Pyramids: An Enigma Solved'. In the interest of brevity I'll leave out how they were back-stabbed in a media hatchet-job by WGBH Boston who produced what the BBC takes to schools all around the world. It is a video called 'This Old Pyramid' and it was shown on U.S. National TV as well as 'The Nature of Things' with David Suzuki. I saw his letter saying he didn't know they had used fork-lift trucks and modern tools to build this small pyramid that shifted in the sand after a few weeks and didn't have the 'fit' anyway. Many people think Hermes Trismegistus was a compiler of the knowledge of Thoth or Ptah whose T-square is on a stele I found at Chichen Itza. This is the same T-square the Masons used for years and now you see on their temples everywhere with the quarter circle addition to give the degrees so important to them (It may have 33 degrees like our vertebrae, but there are other layers of meaning in degrees.).
Part of the ancient attunement arts included a relationship with minerals as attested to in almost all shamanic cultures. The recent April issue of Scientific American deals with this in a somewhat tangential manner as it mentions the Miller-Urey Chicago creation of life experiment that was taught as creation of animate from inanimate for many years although it actually isn't creation, of much more than a few basic proteins. However, that start which became a dead end in some people's minds has continued to produce valuable insights. This particular article helps one see how the attunement may have been initiated by the collective consciousnesses within inanimate matter or mountains that the natives of the world revere. It may be a bit of a stretch but the nanotube article and other science from solid state chemistry as well as the work of Drs. Robins and Tiller would support it as well.
"Carbon-based molecules needed protection and assistance to enact this drama {The beginning of life, which NASA now knows is everywhere.}. It turns out that minerals could have served at least five significant functions, from passive props to active players, in life-inducing chemical reactions. Tiny compartments {What Robins calls 'energy wells'.} in mineral structures can shelter simple molecules, while mineral surfaces can provide the scaffolding on which those molecules assemble and grow. Beyond these sheltering and supportive functions, crystal faces of certain minerals can actually select particular molecules resembling those that were destined to become biologically important. The metallic ions in other minerals can jump-start meaningful reactions like those that must have converted simple molecules into self-replicating entities. Most surprisingly, perhaps, are the recent indications that elements of dissolved minerals can be incorporated into biological molecules. In other words, minerals may not have merely helped biological molecules come together, they might have become part of life itself!" (11)
Before moving into the thoughts (briefly presented) of Davidovits and Morris (who has become a shrill advocate without scholarly aplomb for good reason) allow me to include an illustration of some shamanic and Taoist thought. The forces which exist in nature and orient in movement along grid lines in the whole of the earth are similarly present in each crystal and the reason why the nanotubes add to their structure in the forms they do. The four primary forces on this illustration are vital elements of the adepthoods in all nature-focused science. The secondary and other forces are numerous and part of the glue that makes the whole of life meaningful. Needless to say there are many knowledge trees that more completely reflect these anciently understood realities. The Sephirah or spheres in the Judaic tradition are quite akin to the North America Indian Tree of Yggdrasil (aligned with the Norse) and some people spend a whole lifetime getting to know just one sphere or sephirah.
"Geopolymers are revolutionary for the concrete industry {He is a member of the Board of Portland Cement and a Director of a French concrete development consortium or research entity. His Doctorate in chemistry began his journey.}. Any type of rock aggregate can be used, and concrete made with the geopolymeric binder is practically indistinguishable from natural stone. Geologists unfamiliar with the technical possibilities afforded by geopolymerization have scrutinized geopolymeric concrete and have mistaken it for natural stone. This is unprecedented technology; no tremendous heat or pressure is required... sets rapidly at room temperatures to form synthetic stone...
To develop a new branch of chemistry is one thing, but to apply that chemistry to ancient history is quite another. How did I learn that the pyramid stone is also geopolymeric? Any theory must be feasible; then, there must be evidence; and ultimately, hard scientific proof is required. All mysteries associated with pyramid construction must be resolved. {The pyramid rock weighs 20-25% less than quarried stone and the same as geopolymeric rock. This does not mean that Christopher Dunn's finishing engineering doesn't apply and that moulds were used when obelisks or special rocks were required either. He doesn't deal with the healing or other energy in some of these surrounding structures either.} A description is found in the ancient science encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder (A.D. 23-79), the Roman naturalist. Pliny's account is not legendary or written esoterically; it clearly describes the salient features of the technology. But Pliny's description has not been understood by modern science, because to recognize what is written, one must have the appropriate knowledge... {Or at least enough to actually hear what is being said.}
To date, the passages related to alchemical stonemaking confuse scholars, resulting in gross errors of translation on Pliny's work. Worse, the salient principles and characteristics of the ancient science being unknown, the translators dismissed Pliny's account as erroneous. De Roziere commented on the problems of translation:
'M. Grosse, author of a German translation of Pliny, highly esteemed by learned people, points out that in the whole of this description the Roman naturalist seems to have done his best to make himself obscure. 'Despite my familiarity,' he said, 'both with Pliny's style and the meaning he gives to terms, it has been difficult, sometimes even impossible, to translate the passages clearly and exactly.' The reason was certainly that he was unfamiliar with the substance that Pliny was describing...
A passage from Book 31 of Pliny's encyclopedia made no sense to the French scholars. But the passage is compelling in its support of the existence of alchemical stonemaking. The passage appears in Latin as follows:
Nitrariae Aegypti circa Naucratim et Memphim tantum solebant esse, circa Memphim deteriores. Nam et lapidescit ibi in ascervis: multique sunt cumuli ea de causa saxei. Faciunt ex his vasa
Translated into English this passage reads:
In previous times, Egypt had no outcrops of natron except for those near Naucratus {Where the Milesian consortium set up their trading city around the 6th century BCE.} and Memphis, the products of Memphis being reputedly inferior. It is a fact that in accumulation of materials it (natron) petrifies (minerals). In this way occurs a multitude of heaps (of minerals) which became transformed into real rocks. The Egyptians made rocks of it.
This particular passage is simple and straitforward, so there is no error of translation." (12)
The next quote from him should be read in light of the recent archaeological finds that show agriculture and an alphabet (Flinders Petrie knew of a much more ancient alphabet of a non-hieroglyphic nature in Egypt in the early 20th century as did MacDari. Grant notes a pre-existing Canaanite alphabet. Gimbutas has shown a lot that relates to this as well as to the Tartessus written history Strabo said recorded 7,000 years before Christ, etc. etc.) from a thousand years before the Nile had these things. There is evidence of an advanced agriculture in the Nile that existed while the Sphinx was built and then left the area during the wet phases of the last Ice Age around 7,000 BC as well.
"The Great Pyramid in front of Khafra's pyramid has become more controversial than ever in light of recent geological studies. Based on the severe manner in which blocks covering the lower layers {Clearly not naturally occurring as the 'Archaeology Magazine' presentation of this month (April 2001) would have its readers think might be true.} of the body and paws are eroded, the age of the Sphinx has, once again, come into serious question.
Today, the Sphinx is attributed to Khafra (Chephre in another language). Earlier Egyptologists believed it was erected a great deal earlier than his reign, perhaps at the end of the archaic period. The Sphinx looks much older than the Pyramids.
No inscriptions connect the sacred monument to Khafra (except reconstruction gangs graffiti), but in the Valley Temple, a dozen statues of Khafra, one in the form of a Sphinx, were uncovered in the 1950's. Some Egyptologists claim a resemblance between these statues and the face of the Sphinx.
A document which indicates greater antiquity, however, was found on the Giza Plateau by French Egyptologists during the nineteenth century {Napoleon got to collect the Maltese island and great wealth on his way to the desert in an expedition of no military value. The Britannica even acknowledges this mysterious circumstance}. The text, called the 'Inventory Stele', bears inscriptions relating events during the reign of Khafra's father, Khufu. The text says that Khufu instructed that a temple be erected alongside the Sphinx, meaning that the Sphinx already existed before Khafra's time. The accuracy of the stele has been questioned because it dates from the Twenty-first Dynasty (1070-945 BC.), long after the Pyramid Age, but because the Egyptians took great pride in precise record keeping {Well, let's say they were well aware of glory and posterity; they would also have known what happened in a time closer to their period of history, than Egyptologists today.} and the careful copying of documents, no authoritative reason exists to discount the text as inaccurate.
Fragments of early papyruses and tablets, as well as the later writings of the third century B.C. Greco-Egyptian historian {A priest} Manetho, claim that Egypt was ruled for thousands of years before the First Dynasty, some texts claim as much as 36,000 years earlier. {A deep mine in Egypt is reported to have been dated to 35,000 BC. that came to light in the last year or so.} This history is dismissed by Egyptologists as legend {Even though they use Manetho's kings list extensively in their own fabrication.}. However, ancient Egyptian history is viewed by scholars mostly from a New Kingdom perspective {To dovetail with the Bible Narrative.} because numerous documents have survived from Thebes. The capital of Memphis, founded during prehistoric times, was a vitally important religious, commercial, cultural and administrative center with a life span of thousands of years, but unfortunately, it has not been effectively excavated.
{Britannica tells us: "the excavations of Thomas W. Jacobsen at the Franchithi Cave on the Bay of Argos... by 13,000 - 11,000 B.C. and that the cultivation of hybrid grains, the domestication of animals, and organized community tuna hunts had already begun." (13) This is in Crete where another major Keltic administrative colony existed, to go along with Malta and probably Byblos if not what is known as Harappa, and also Finias.}
The recent geological studies of the Sphinx have kindled more than debate over the attribution and age. The established history of the evolution of civilization is being challenged.
A study of the severe body erosion of the Sphinx and the hollow in which it is situated indicates that the damaging agent was water. A slow erosion occurs in limestone when water is absorbed and reacts with salts in the stone. The controversy arises over the vast amounts of water responsible.
Two theories are popular. One is that groundwater slowly rose into the body of the Sphinx. This theory produces irreconcilable problems: A recent survey carried out by the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) determined that three distinctly separate repair operations were completed on the Sphinx between the New Kingdom and the Ptolemaic rule, that is, during a period of roughly 700 to 1,000 years. The study also indicates that the Sphinx was already in its current state of erosion when the early repairs were made. No appreciable erosion has occurred since the original damage, nor is there further damage on the bedrock of the surrounding hollow, an area that never underwent repair.
Knowing this, one must consider that the inundating Nile slowly built up levels of silt over millenia, and this was accompanied by a gradual rise in the water. During Khafra's time the water table was about thirty feet lower than it is today. For the rising groundwater theory to hold, an unbelievable geological scenario would have to have taken place. It would mean that from thirty feet lower than today's water table, water rose to about two feet into the body of the Sphinx and the surrounding hollow, where it caused erosion for roughly 600 years, and then stopped its damaging effects.
Historians find the second theory that is offered more unthinkable. It suggests that the source of water stemmed from the wet phases of the last ice age--c.15,000 to 10,000 B.C.- {Schoch has it at this time according to West and Graham Hancock or other alien theorists; but his actual first choice is 7,000 BC era.} when Egypt underwent periods of severe flooding. This hypothesis advocates that the Sphinx necessarily existed before the floods. If it could be proven, well-established theories about prehistory would be radically shaken. The world's most mysterious sculpture would date to a time when historians place humanity in a neolithic setting, living in open camps and depending largely on hunting and foraging." (14)
Thus the Egyptians would have to give up their claim to having built it. This is their pride and joy and it is difficult to admit such a lie. The truth when one looks at all the facts; is that there is no way the Egyptians built the Great Pyramid. If it was not the Phoenicians then it was African cultures such as Timbuktu, who we know even less about. It is likely they and other people around the world merely imitated it and its capstone which is older than its base (ARCE carbon, AMS, dating). The capstone may have been used as a model to demonstrate the effects of two perfect tetrahedra in a perfect pyramid that generates 'phi' and the kind of design that the nautilus deep sea shell contains. These are not co-incidences and reflect on knowledge gained through attunements with spiritual things or 'direct cognition'. The only other possible explanation is the alien theory or an advanced hominid that rose to our current level of technical understanding that went into space or somehow disappeared. Would they have gone to space like we can, and return for appropriate or unique resources needed from their evolutionary home? We must keep an open mind and not try to make facts force-fit easy theories. That approach is common in science and goes by names like 'reductivism', 'gradualism', and 'direct inference'.
Author of Diverse Druids,
Columnist for The ES Press Magazine,
Guest 'expert' at World-Mysteries.com


Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/51916

The Advantages of Herbal Medicine



Herbal medicine is becoming ever more popular in today's world as people seek out natural remedies. If you look around the market is flooded with products claiming to be natural and herbal.
It may be puzzling to some as to how or why this sudden want or need for these products started. Maybe its because we are becoming a nation ever more conscious of our health and well being or perhaps it's a media driven desire to be more like the glamorous celebrities who endorse such items. However herbal remedies and natural treatments themselves are not a new thing, in fact they date back many millions of years.
The earliest accounts of the use of these types of remedies date back to 2800BC from China. Archaeology from early civilisations has shown the use of plants in burials and ceremonies.
Herbal medicines have fallen in and out of favour with man throughout the ages. However they have continued to develop and are once again gaining popularity in today's world, particularly as there are growing concerns about the safety and side effects of pharmaceutical drugs. In light of this, herbal remedies are offering a safe and natural alternative for many ailments.
Below are some advantages of natural and herbal medicines.
Costs.
Herbal treatments cost much less than their prescription counterparts. They're also more convenient as they can be purchased over the counter from any health food store without the need for a prescription. Remember though, it is important to check with your doctor before taking any type of medication as natural does not always mean safe and many natural substances can often be dangerous.
Herbal medication is not categorized as drugs, they are considered as food, this is because they are natural and can be marketed as dietary supplements without the need for a prescription. Supplements are not subjected to the same strict scientific inspection as prescription medication. Also prescription drugs, unlike herbal remedies do not have to be tested in order to prove they work and are safe before being marketed.
Herbal medicines may not be pure and it's possible they may contain pollen or other such contaminates which could induce sickness. Currently standardized manufacturing and testing is much needed in the herbal industry.
Strength and Effectiveness.
People have many and varied reasons for seeking out alternative remedies but often include dissatisfaction with the more traditional healthcare treatments. It is worth remembering though that the benefits and effectiveness of alternative medicine is often individual to the patient concerned.
The strength of the remedy may also vary and has many factors including the variation or strain of the plant or herb used, the growing methods, how it is harvested, the way it has been preserved and the exposure to light, air and moisture during its growth.
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Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/895022

A Tourist's Guide to Malta Attractions



Malta is a small archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. Because of its strategic location, it has attracted many colonizers in the past, including the Romans, the Arabs, the French led by Napoleon Bonaparte and the British. The result is a rich history, as well as a diverse local culture. There are several interesting Malta attractions, too.
Golden Bay - Many tourists come to Malta to spend a day on the beach, particularly Golden Bay. Golden Bay is the second largest sandy beach in Malta and is well known for its banana boat rides, fun atmosphere and spectacular sunsets that make the beach a perfect background for evening barbecues.
Megalithic temples - The megalithic temples in Malta are the oldest free standing stone temples in the world, making them the most popular Malta attractions. The Ggantija complex is the largest of the megalithic temples, consisting of two temples built with corraline limestone blocks. The Mnajdra temple dedicated to the fertility goddess and overlooking the isle of Filfla is worth visiting, too.
Hal Saflieni Hypogeum - Located in Paola, the Hypogeum is an outstanding example of subterranean architecture. It has three levels and various chambers, some of which have been used as burial sites. You can also see the archeaological treasures excavated from the Hypogeum at the National Museum of Archaeology.
Roman Villa - Located in the city of Rabat, the Roman Villa dates back to 100 BC and is thought to be the previous residence of a wealthy Roman merchant or official. It is well known for its floor mosaics and is currently a museum with exhibits such as oil lamps, marble busts and terracotta ornaments, some of which have been excavated directly from the villa's grounds.
Lascaris War Rooms - For a lesson in World War II history, take a guided tour through the Lascaris War Rooms, one of the Malta attractions in the capital city of Valletta. These underground chambers were used as the command centre of the Allied forces for the invasion of Sicily and is one of only four WWII military operations centres open to the public.
Blue Grotto - The caves in Malta are popular Malta attractions, too, particularly the Blue Grotto, a row of seven picturesque caves near Wied iz-Zurrieq. The Blue Grotto is especially known for its remarkable rock formations which can be seen while riding a small traditional boat. The Calypso's Cave offers scenic views, too.
There are other Malta attractions worth visiting, too, including museums, churches and towers built by the Knights of St. John. All these make Malta a great destination for holidays in spite of its size so don't hesitate to spend your vacation there.
Isabella Olsen is a travel writer who has toured major destinations worldwide, including Malta, by car. To book your car hire Malta or learn more about cheap car rental worldwide, visit http://www.zencarhire.com.


Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/2164638

Naxos Archaeological Museum



Here the sense of the marble makes a deep impression. There are marble vessels, marble idols and even frying pan shaped marble utensils. It was nature herself, Naxos being so rich in marble, which provided the stimulus for the men of the 3rd millennium BC, and for their successors. This first impression, however, should not lead us to underestimate the earthenware vessels, the jewellery, the obsidian blades and the various other useful objects. All these finds were funeral gifts, that is to say, they were intended to remain with the departed in their last homes. They were usually placed in front of the face of the dead, or, if more than two in number, they were spread around the tomb, with a preference for the corners. The custom of cremation was not practiced in the Cycladic period.
We find ourselves, then, in the Naxos and the Cyclades of the period of Cycladic civilization, in the 3rd millennium BC and, more specifically, in what is known as the Early Clay frying-pan utensil with the characteristic Cycladic period (3200-2000 BC). At that time there were engraved spirals settlements on the coast at Grotta and on the eastern coastline of the island, naturally with their cemeteries. It is from these latter that we have the finds exhibited in the Naxos Museum, a rich and complete collection. The many graveyards scattered about the island, the careful arrangement of the body in the tomb, accompanied by the objects which had been most treasured in life are testimony to the bond between the living and the dead, worship of the latter, faith in the cycle of life and death and belief in some continuity, some other form, perhaps, of life.
On show in the cases are earthenware vessels from the Early Cycladic period: cylindrical and spherical pyxides, plain or with incised decoration, and microscopic phials for paints. The clay from which they are made is coarse-grained and often not well baked. The decoration, where it exists, frequently forms a 'fish bone' pattern in repeated horizontal or vertical compositions. The incisions of the decoration have been filled with a white material, giving the impression of a bichromatic interplay of alternating white and dark colours.
Gradually the variety of the clay vessels increases, as does the wealth of the incised and inscribed decoration on their surfaces. Spiral patterns predominate. Here we can see the famous candlesticks, ewers, wine-pourers, multiple vessels, that is, complexes of twin, triple and multiple pyxides and complexes of lamps, utensils in the shape of animals, sauce boats, etc. In their design some of the vessels copy specific models. For example, the pyxis copies the smoothed shell of a sea urchin. On the other hand, the marble vessels are austere and undecorated, relying entirely on the natural beauty of the material.
The pyxis in the form of a sea urchin becomes a type of Cycladic small crater with the addition of a leg and a 'neck.'
A special place is held by the vessels in the shape of a frying pan. It would seem that this type of vessel and its peculiar pattern of handle were Cycladic creations. These are of clay, but in Naxos they are also found in marble. We do not know exactly what their use was, though there are various conjectures: one is that, they were mirrors, the image being reflected in the water, whilst another interpretation is that they were used as drums in funeral processions, a piece of skin being stretched over the opening.
Decoration is confined to the external surfaces; in some cases the pattern of the pubic triangle is incised on the handle. Typical here is a large spiral incised on the whole external surface of the bottom. A predominant place is held by the typical Cycladic many-oared boat with the fish and the flag on the high prow.
However, the most valuable contribution of Cycladic civilization to art was the idols, which represented the first flowering of the plastic arts in Greece. Marble was used exclusively in these artifacts. In the collection of idols in the Naxos Museum we can trace man's attempt in the 3rd millennium BC to render the human figure.
Some of the idols are entirely schematic. These started with a very small oval or triangular plaque, rounded to form the trunk, with a narrow extension to represent the neck and the head. This gives us the violin-shaped figure. This was followed by an attempt at a rendering of the human body that was more faithful to anatomical detail. The head is now triangular or almond-shaped, with the neck clearly distinguished. The arms protrude at the shoulders like small wings, the abdomen and pubic area are often shown on the trunk and the legs terminate in the flat soles of the feet. It would seem that these figures, always upright and naked, represented women.
In the Early Cycladic II phase, the principal period of Cycladic culture, the size of these figures varies from a few centimetres to life-size representations of the human body. The main type of the naked upright female figure has the head in the shape of a lyre, with a triangular nose in relief and a backward inclination of the head, which is supported on a long cylindrical neck. The hands are shown on the breast and the legs are bent slightly at the knee, supported on the tips of the toes.
There are also male forms, more complex and usually seated. The variations and alternations among the individual idols demonstrate the need for exploration and creativity on the part of the Cycladic marble-carvers. These artistic needs eventually led them to the famous 'Harpist' of Naxos, the `Harpist' and 'Pipe-player' of Keros and the 'Proposer of a toast' in the Goulandris Collection.
There are various interpretations of the Cycladic idols. One interpretation, for example, is that they are figures from Cycladic mythology, similar to the heroes and nymphs of the ancient Greeks. The crooked feet of the idols are thought to indicate that they are dancing and the backward curve of the head shows the figure in a moment of enthusiasm. The female figures, then, are dancing 'nymphs' whilst the male figures are 'heroes' singing in an attempt to invoke the divine powers. More widely supported is the theory that the idols represent a divinity, such as the Great Mother, the goddess of fertility, or that they protected the dead during their journey to the other world. All these interpretations have arguments for and against. What is certain, however, on the basis of the findings, is that in the 3rd millennium BC Naxos played a special role in the creation of the first sculptural arts in Greece, albeit in miniature.
In addition to the Cycladic Collection of the Naxos Museum, the view has been expressed that the 'Goulandris Collection artist' (that is, the Early Cycladic marble sculptor to whom works in the Goulandris Collection, the Naxos Museum and other collections have been attributed) was a Naxiot. He may have been an itinerant artist, there may even have been an export trade in the idols. What is sure, however, is that his works contain the calm, balance and harmony of the simple figures that are now defined by the term 'Cycladic idol.'
The long List of Greek islands will reveal to you some of the most wonderful Greek Beaches.
If you visit the island of Naxos don't forget to take a look at Naxos Travel Guide.


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Archaeological Tours in Egypt



Archaeological tours in Egypt have much to offer, but should you visit Cairo or Luxor area to get the most from your tour? Both of these destinations offer plenty of history, fascinating architecture and culture, and a number of world-famous archaeological sites to visit. Both Luxor and Cairo can be an excellent choice, but the Luxor area will be around ten degrees hotter. Both destinations offer plenty of hotels, restaurants, and other accommodations for visitors, and the final choice basically comes down to what you want to see while you are in Egypt. Cairo tours in Egypt will allow you to see many of the famous pyramids, including the Great Pyramids of Giza, because most of the pyramids which are popular are all a short distance from Cairo and are easy to reach. Cairo offers a lot for any visitor interested in archeology and history. You can explore ancient temples, tombs of varying renown, monuments, and even the Egyptian Antiquities Museum.
Luxor tours in Egypt offer a fascinating look at archeology. This area is often referred to as being similar to an open air museum when it comes to archeology, because you will find more perfectly preserved monuments and structures here than you can find anywhere else on the globe. The Nile River and fertile Nile Valley provides an archaeological tour that is both exciting and informative. Visit the Karnak Temple, or take a stroll through the Mummification Museum. The Luxor Museum offers many archaeological artifacts, some of which are many centuries old. Another popular destination on a Luxor tour is the Luxor Temple. The Valley of the Kings is another area that is often included in a Luxor tour, and there are normally a number of different tombs open to the public at any time.
Alexandria is slightly more than two hundred kilometers from Cairo, and this is another popular destination with tours in Egypt. Alexandria is the second largest city in the entire country of Egypt, and this was the location of the Pharos Lighthouse, one of the original seven wonders of the world. The Catacombs of Kom es-Shouqafa offer an interesting afternoon excursion, and so does The Temple of Taposiris Magna. No matter what facet of archeology interests you, there will be plenty to amaze and astound you no matter where you go. Determine what you want to get out of your tour of Egypt, and then plan your itinerary carefully. Cairo, Luxor and Alexandria can all be a terrific choice for an archaeological tour, depending on what you want to see and do.
Kayla McBride is one of the fellow article contributors of the travel informational website Travel Advisor Tips.


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Archaeology Schools Around the World



The study of human culture using environmental information and material culture such as landscapes, biofacts, artifacts, and architecture is known as the science of archaeology. There are many people who are interested in studying archaeology and not many people know that there are several best schools for archaeology existing around the world. Let's take a look at some of these schools.
For those who are interested in studying the human culture in Iraq, they may study at the British School of Archaeology in Iraq. This school is located in Great Britain and focuses on studies related to Mesopotamia's languages and ancient civilizations. It was in 1932 when this school was founded and ever since, the British School of Archaeology in Iraq has always been considered as on the best schools for archaeology. Aside from the funds coming from the British Government, the British School of Archaeology also receives funds from private individuals and organizations. The British School of Archaeology has been known as the British Institute for the Study of Iraq since December 12, 2007.
In Greece, the best school for archaeology is the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece. It is a foreign archaeological institute in the nation and its head office is situated in Athens, Greece. The University of Lausanne in Switzerland is the one hosting the school. While its head office is located at Odos Skaramanga 4B, it has several offices in Eretria.
Also in Athens, Greece, another best school for archaeology is the Italian School of Archaeology. This school is only one of the seventeen best international schools for archaeology that have headquarters in Athens, Greece. While its headquarters is in Athens, its branch offices are situated in Rome, Limnos, and Crete. Founded in 1909, the library of the Italian School of Archaeology has a large library. Among the places where the school has conducted archaeological studies are Thouria and Aigialeia, while the places where it has conducted excavations include the Roman city of Gortyn, Agia Triada, Phaistos, Crete, Chloe, Hephaisteia, and Poliochni.
Another best school for archaeology is the School for American Archaeology. It was introduced in 1907 but its name has already been changed twice. First, it was changed to the School of American Research and in 2007, it was changed to the School for Advanced Research on the Human Experience. Situated in Santa Fe, New Mexico in the United States, the focus of the school includes international standpoint on humanities, social science disciplines, and anthropology. Residential fellowships are offered to scholars as well as artists. Moreover, non-fiction and academic reading materials are being published by the school through the publication SAR Press.
These are only some of the many best schools for archaeology existing worldwide. In Athens, Greece alone, there are several best schools that focus on archaeology including The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, the Georgian Institute at Athens, the French School at Athens, the Finnish School at Athens, and the Canadian Institute in Greece.
Indeed, those who are interested in studying archaeology have a lot of best schools to choose from.
Visit these sites if you want more information about best schools for archaeology or how to become a surgeon in particular.


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Famous Find in Archaeology



The science of archaeology began about five hundred years ago when many people found it profitable to dig up old marble statues and ornaments that had been made by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and sell them to rich noblemen. Most of these were found in Greece, Italy, and islands in the Mediterranean Sea, which had been the centers of civilization for more than two thousand years. Men began to study these artistic relics, and found that they could learn from them about the ways of life of other men who had lived long ago.
Because this is such an interesting study, scientists became interested in man-made things from prehistoric times, even if they were not beautiful pieces of art. Then, by accident, some farmers in Italy discovered that they were living on top of an ancient Roman city that had been buried for more than sixteen hundred years. The name of this city was Herculaneum. It and another city of ancient Rome, named Pompeii, were built beside a great volcano named Vesuvius. In the year 79, an eruption of Vesuvius poured out so much lava and dust that both Herculaneum and Pompeii were buried. In the year 1719, archaeologists began to dig to uncover them. After more than fifty years, they had uncovered two complete cities with fine houses, theaters, streets, temples, and everything else that showed exactly how people had lived in ancient Rome.
At the end of that century, one of the greatest of all archaeological discoveries was made in Egypt. This was the finding of the Rosetta Stone, about which there is a separate article. The Rosetta Stone was a sort of "billboard," used in the years before paper was made and when men had to carve their writings on stones or on tablets of clay. The Rosetta Stone had the same words in two different languages. One language was Greek, which the scientists already knew well. The other was ancient Egyptian, which they did not know. From the Rosetta Stone they learned to read ancient Egyptian.
Ever since, archaeologists have been able to read whatever ancient Egyptian writing they have dug up, and this has helped them to learn much about the history of Egypt and the people who lived there thousands of years ago. The Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799. Many other discoveries were made during the next hundred years, but perhaps the most interesting was the Altamira caves, in the mountains of northern Spain. On the walls of these caves are paintings of bulls and other animals that were hunted by prehistoric men. These paintings were made by men who lived as much as twenty thousand years ago, maybe even more, but they are so well done that many modern artists can admire them as much for their beauty as for their age. From paintings like these, archaeologists find out how men lived by hunting, and other things about the culture of that age so long ago. Archaeology goes on constantly. On every continent, and on islands separated from the continents, such as Great Britain and Ireland, archaeologists have found traces of the men who came many ages before us, our ancestors
David is the author of many articles including Best Friend Quotes and also the author of Best life quotes
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Archaeology



When the Egypt Exploration Fund was created they had memoranda and articles of incorporation that directed the funding for site excavations which showed promise of being outside the Bible Narrative - should not be researched! This troublesome kind of bias is beyond reproach because sites like Memphis have been built over and for all intents and purposes destroyed. In the efforts of people like Schliemann (Troy) and Evans (Crete) to uncover their dreams that led from the 'myths' of Homer they also confused and made horrible mistakes that allow debunking science to discredit artifacts that would have proven valuable. There are so many examples of actual government destruction of artifacts and people's careers that it is hard to pick one single example.
Despite the negative aspects of archaeology illustrated in the Kensington Rune Stone response of Mr. Wiseman; there is a very real possibility that the truth will become realized in sufficient degree for good people to regain their freedom. W. F. Albright is considered the 'father of Biblical Archaeology' by the Biblical Archaeology Review. His admission and awareness that the Phoenicians are the major creators of the Bible in the 50s and 60s has not reached the public or even the academics at large. In time and with a great deal of outside detective work it seems some of us are able to paint a new picture of history, due in large part to the effort of archaeologists even if they don't know the meaning behind the things they uncover.
In 1982's December issue of the National Geographic they were still promoting 'The People's of the Sea' theory that Gasten Maspero (a French historian of the 19th century) created from very little factual data. This issue dealt with the 'digs' at Deir el-Balah in the Gaza strip! Moshe Dayan (The Israeli Defense Minister) was a purchaser and assembler of some of the artifacts that look very ethnically diverse. The site was admittedly cosmopolitan and had been used by many different cultures as well as some key figures from history. Here is a quote from the inset to an artists' rendition.
"Life's pleasures enhance palace life at Deir el-Balah {Remember Ba'al the Phoenician god is also Bel in Keltic clandoms.} in an artist's rendition. In the Amarna tomb relief that served as his model, Queen Nefertiti decants wine through a strainer for Akhenaten, using vessels similar to a bronze set found at the Gaza site. Floor plan of partially excavated buildings at level 6, under the archaeologists' grid, suggests a layout similar to palaces built in Egypt during Akhenaten's rule." (6)
Heliopolis is the site of the Phoenician rulers of Egypt and is perhaps Ba'albek - and it may have been in other places at other times, as is the case with Byblos and Byblus. My perception at this juncture is the Hyksos Kings period was a time of aristocratic inter-marriages between Phoenicians in Troy and Egypt (1800 BC to 1300 BC.) before the beginning of a truly worldwide war.(Trojan - Homer tells of 19 battles for major centers) It is becoming clearer to many researchers that the Phoenician contingent among the Hebrews (named after a language drawn from Phoenician or their common root, by another group who designed these languages) was quite advanced and included the Arimatheans (Robert Graves, Michael Bradley and others), Benjaminites and all the top corporate trading elite, who were engaged in trade with far away places. Many of them have the BEE as their symbol. That includes Phocaeans, Mallia, the Royal House on Crete from 2000 BC., Egyptians and on to the Merovingians of Childeric and then Napoleon through marriage.
There is much debate about who Moses is and when he lived, but Nefertiti is usually associated with him. The word Moses is a title meaning 'leader' and could have been a title associated with many people over many millennia. The fact that the Moshe in Peru ran the drug trade and Egyptian mummies have Peruvian cocaine is important. The article in National Geographic continues:
"We have not yet been able to identify the Deir el-Balah fortress with a particular representation on the Karnak relief. Two of the fortresses shown along the Ways of Horus are designated as towns 'which His Majesty built newly'. Considering the close connections between Egypt and Canaan during the XIX Dynasty, it is possible that our fortress with the thick walls and corner towers, was built during the reign of Seti I, who ruled New Kingdom Egypt and its empire in Canaan from about 1318 to 1304 B.C.
On the basis of the pottery found in the fortress, we believe that it flourished during the reign of Seti's son, Ramses II (about 1304-1237 B.C.), to whose reign we date the anthropoid burials as well. Our fortress, and cemetery provide a vivid demonstration of Egypt's power and prosperity in this period, a time of close Egyptian control over the coastal route. Moreover, ceramic analyst Bonnie Gould has determined that 80 percent of the locally made vessels were Egyptian in both shape and ware.
AN EXODUS RIDDLE SOLVED {Actually no solution at all.}
The Ways of Horus holds much interest for scholars. As long ago as 1920 the noted Egyptologist Alan Gardiner optimistically predicted that future excavations along its route 'would reveal many of the fortresses depicted in the Karnak sculptures.' Our evidence, together with excavations by the Ben-Gurion University, has made his prophecy come true.
Once we discerned the meaning and function of the settlement at Deir el-Balah, we were able to understand a passage in the Bible that has long puzzled scholars. It is believed that during the reign of Ramses II the Israelite Exodus from Egypt took place. But the route chosen by the Israelites is rather cryptically described.
'And it came to pass, when Pharaoh had let the people go, that God led them not through the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near; for God said, Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war, and they return to Egypt. (Exodus 13:17)'
The problem with the passage is chronological; the Philistines had not yet arrived to settle along the coast. The solution to its meaning lies in an anachronism--though the Bible speaks of 'the way of the land of the Philistines', it is describing the very same road that the Egyptians called the Ways of Horus.
As the Bible observes, this route to the Promised Land was far shorter than the route the Israelites eventually took. But our excavations at Deir el-Balah revealed the wisdom of this choice, for by escaping into the desert, the Israelites avoided the powerful fortresses of the very pharaoh from whom they had fled.
The crucial question of the identity of the people of ancient Deir el-Balah, so steeped in Egyptian culture and religion, remains unanswered. The period in which they lived was one of intensive international trade and of great ethnic changes and political upheaval." (7)
There appears to be something I missed and a lot of other possibilities these authors are avoiding. The Bible was not written in just one period and (alas) it may not be Divinely Inspired. Scholarship shows at least five different author's hands in the Tanakh or Pentateuch with a thorough revision by a Redactor 'R' around 200 BC. Thus the reference to Philistines in this area or the Israelites in Jericho after it had been taken by other forces (in 1200 BC. per the archaeological knowledge) is largely reconstructive writing to make people see themselves as conquerors or as persecuted according to the particular story being told. It justifies a militaristic response or 'pre-emptive' acts if you can sell the idea that you are persecuted - as we see today in this same region.
The Exodus and even the Pharaonic lineages are very MUCH up in the air. The propaganda of certain Egyptian Pharaohs who liked to present themself as victor in battles (e.g. with the Hittites of this time) has been shown as fiction. If Moses was an important person with political influence in Egypt might the forty years in the desert have to do with an on-going attempt to re-institute himself in the land from which he'd been asked to leave? Is it possible that many outposts remained loyal to him? The phrase from the Bible that they quote includes 'Lest peradventure the people repent when they see war'. To me, this means 'In the event that the people in Egypt see the error of their ways, and our former associates there allow us to resume our rightful place'.
Then by means of war or by cutting off the access to key needs (like the 'white powder' being made at Mt. Serábît which was discovered in the early 1900s by Flinders Petrie but only recently being understood as related to the 'burning bush' alchemical factory) and trade, you might find there is an opportunity to wage an all-out offensive and return.
Perhaps my analysis is lacking as well; but the forty years in the desert is more deserving of explanation than the route as I see it. There is no route that would take forty years to traverse. There is much more debate on the issue of Moses than most people (including one person I know who wrote a whole book on him) know. Gardner makes a good case for Moses being Akhenaten and the National Geographic shows him with Nefertiti (his senior wife) at this site. Thus we should quote a little of what Gardner has to say about them. First let me point out that the number 40 is a generation or lineage standard of a king during Biblical re-creations and attempts to fit things together with other documents. The actual date of Exodus and Moses is a matter of debate and the winners of the tribal infighting re-wrote the Bible story starting in the sixth century BC.
"The Bible story then moves to Moses and the burning bush on Mt. Horeb in Sinai {Frank Moore Cross says in 'Bible Review' Aug.1992, that Mt. Sinai of the Bible was in Rijaz or Arabia. Hijaz is a coded reversal of Giza through Gizeh and there was no 'J' in the early languages as well as an aspirant use in pronunciation of 'h'. It can be also shown to connect with a concept known as Iesa or 'The Brotherhood of Man'. The issue of Aten or the 'one-god' is pure scholarly and priestly political deceit. Long before Aten we see Amun-Ra was a one god concept in the Sphinx which had a woman's face.}. The bush was enveloped in a fiery light, but it was not consumed (Exodus 3:3) and from its midst came an, angel. EI Shaddai then appeared in person, announcing to Moses that he was to be called 'I am that I am' (Jehovah). {And thus the formalization of a political intrigue to minimize women by having a one MALE god rather than dual gender equal members of the human race. Could this be a reason the power group in Egypt was Hyksos Phoenician and thus egalitarian Kelts who asked Moses to leave Egypt?} After this, arrangements were made for Moses to go to Egypt and retrieve the Israelites, who had been placed in bondage by the new authorities.
By that time, with the Amarna dynasty terminated and General Horemheb's reign concluded, a wholly new regime had begun in Egypt: the nineteenth dynasty, whose founding pharaoh was Ramesses I. Having been away from Egypt for many years, Moses (Akhenaten) evidently asked Jehovah how he would prove his identity to the Israelites, whereupon three instructions were given. These instructions have puzzled theologians for the longest time because, although the Bible (Old and New Testaments alike) opposes all forms of magic, Moses was advised to perform three magical feats. Generally, when magical deeds are discussed, they are referred to as 'miracles', so that the power of man is always superseded by the supreme abilities of God. But in this instance Moses was seemingly granted divine powers {He was a magician with a sister of great knowledge and his staff-bearer Jasher may be who the apocryphal or censored book Jasher is named after. That story is about Miriam whose counsel was held in as high a regard as Moses during their lives according to many scholars.} to enable him to convince the Israelites that he was an authorized messenger of Jehovah (Exodus 4:1-9).
He was first advised to cast his rod to the ground, where it would become a serpent {I have seen such rods.}, but would be reinstated as a rod when lifted. Second, he was to place his hand on his breast, from where it would emerge white and leprous, but would return to normal when the act was repeated. Then he was to pour river-water on to the land, at which it would turn to blood.
Quite how these things were supposed to prove the involvement of Jehovah, as against that of any other god, is not made clear--but Moses seemed content enough with the plan. He did confess, however, that he was 'not eloquent', being 'slow of speech, and of a slow tongue', intimating that he was not well versed in the Hebrew language {Having spent a great deal of time in Cush as well as not having hung out with the high priests who really were the only ones who spoke it during this time. The possibility also exists that the people later to be thought of as Hebrews were speaking another language to the most part. But he never talked to the Israelites anyway as we shall see. The high priests of Egypt and their Pharaoh (same thing) were who they spoke with. The reason? Because he wanted the throne of Egypt. Hebrew was a secret or sacerdotal code of the designers of the pyramid years before and had been spoken by the high priesthood of Egypt ever since.}. So it was arranged that his brother Aaron (who was more fluent) would act as an interpreter.
Until this point in the story, only an unnamed sister has been introduced, but now a brother called Aaron makes his appearance (Exodus 4: 14), and with a somewhat baffling aftermath. Moses and Aaron journeyed to Egypt and made themselves known to the Israelites - but it was before the Pharaoh, not before the Israelites, that the magic of the rod and serpent was performed. Moreover, it was not performed by Moses as planned, but by Aaron (Exodus 7:10-12).
This sequence is of particular importance because it serves to indicate that Aaron held his own pharaonic status. The rituals of the serpent-rod and the withered hand (though described as it magic in the Bible) were both aspects of the rejuvenation festivals of the Egyptian kings - ceremonies wherein their divine powers were heightened. The pharaohs had various sceptres (rods) for different occasions, and the sceptre of rejuvenation was a rod topped with a brass serpent {N.B. for its' import in Mayan things to be reported, as well as Druidic connections.}. It was also customary for the king to place his right arm limply across his chest {Napoleon used his tunic to hold his hand.}, while supporting it with his left hand. (8) A preparation for this ceremony is pictorially shown in the tomb of Kherof, one of Queen Tiye's stewards, and the scene depicts her husband (Moses's father) Amenhotep III.
So did Akhenaten (Moses) have a brother who was himself a pharaoh - a pharaoh whose fate is unknown and who is similarly recorded as having disappeared rather than dying? Indeed he did - at least, he had a feeding-brother, whose own mother was Tey, the Israelite wet-nurse of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. As a pharaoh, this man had succeeded for just a few weeks after the abdication of Akhenaten; his name was Smenkhkare. He was the grandson of Yusuf-Yuya the vizier, and the son of Aye (the brother of Akhenaten's birth-mother, Tiye). Correctly stated, this pharaoh's name was Smenkh-ka-ra ('Vigorous is the Soul of Ra,). (9) Alternatively, since Ra was the state sun god of the Heliopolis House of Light {A Therapeutae and other syncretic cult place of primary import, at one time in Ba'albek.}, called 'On', (10) Pharaoh Smenkh-ka-ra was also Smenkh-ka-ra-on, from the phonetic ending of which derives 'Aaron'.
Manetho's 'Egyptian King List' records Smenkhkare (Aaron) by the name Achencheres, (11) which was later corrupted (by the Christian church-father, Eusebius) to Cencheres. (12) By this name (further varied to Cinciris) Pharaoh Smenkhkare was of particular significance to the histories of Ireland and Scotland, for he was the father of the princess historically known as Scota, from whom the original Scots-Gaels were descended. (13) Her husband was Niul, {This means 'blood' in Keltic original languages. The 'black earth' of the Nile thus is symbolic for 'blood' in the alchemic process of manufacture of the beginning of the primordial elements needed to begin the process of a 'Stone'. Some authors indicate the blood of a particular 'black raven' will suffice; other indications are that the black earth, located in the basements of Gothic cathedrals, are sufficient. In the case where the Black Madonnas which Fulcanelli says are actually originally dedicated to Isis, are located in these cathedrals [Chartrés being the first]; there is reason to think the long term presence in the focal point of the temple built after the design of the Great Pyramid and later duplicated in the Temple of Solomon ['sol'=sun and 'mon'=moon'] to be followed in design of the angles and lattices of these great cathedrals, there is good cause to believe them.} the Governor of Capacyront by the Red Sea. (14) He was, by birth, a Black Sea prince of Scythia (Scota) {And other ancient authors note the Hyperborean nature of these 'northerners' and that all were originally worshippers of the Emerald Isles of Britain and Ireland, today.), and according to the seventeenth-century 'History of Ireland', 'Nuil and Aaron entered into an alliance of friendship with one another'. The Gaelic text further states that Gaedheal (Gael), the son of Nuil and Princess Scota, was born in Egypt 'at the time when Moses began to act as leader of the children of Israel'." (16 & 17)
Simon Magus or the Good Samaritan of the Gnostic faith is also a Gaedhil according to Celtic ('K' for before the Romans) authors. There is good reason to believe these things are true; because the Kelts had a long-standing policy of sending their children past the age of five to distant relatives or trading partners such as Nuil and Aaron became in the above story. This practice achieved many good political and psychological or spiritual development objectives. There were no borders or immigration officials in these days and trade arrangements were just as vital then as when Donnacona (of the Stadacona Iroquois) gave his two sons to Jacques Cartier when Cartier returned to France after his first visit to America. The issue of children using emotional blackmail against their parents was also diminished and parents wouldn't live their lives so vicariously through their children and smother them with love. Thus Gardner has provided us with another proof of many, to the fact that the Keltic 'Red-Heads' were a vital part of the Phoenician 'Brotherhood'.
His further data on the issue of what history actually knows about important people like Moses is highly instructive as well. The Moshe (some spell it Moche) of Peru have recently offered up an archaeological tidbit right in line with more of the complete story, which includes near absolute proof of a forensic nature that cocaine was traded between Egypt and Peru in this time. Moshe is the actual name of Moses in his native tongue which you can still hear in synagogues calling him 'Moshe Rabbenue'. This tidbit has other connections with sceptres or staffs as Monteczuma reports the white-skinned leaders like Quetzalcoatl/Kukulcan brought with them. The serpent people of the Mayan or Mesoamerican culture will be gone into in further depth as well. But when you are reading about Zotz you will understand why a gold vampire found among the Moshe is so important.
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